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A model for angle evolution in conical piles formed using the fixed funnel method

Capaldi et al. | Jul 20, 2026

A model for angle evolution in conical piles formed using the fixed funnel method

When granular materials are poured onto a surface, they form conical piles whose slopes increase before reaching a stable angle of repose. We found that this angle evolution follows a previously unrecognized two-phase exponential growth pattern that is conserved across granular materials with diverse particle properties. The parameters of this model correlate with particle friction and are influenced by deposition conditions, providing a quantitative framework for describing pile formation.

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